This preprint study doesn’t rule out other possible causes of long COVID, however, particularly because not all of the long COVID sufferers had the spike protein in their blood. This hypothesis lines up with other evidence that COVID infects more parts of the body than just the lungs, including studies that have found SARS-CoV-2 in deceased patients’ organs. Instead, she suggests, tissues such as those in the gut and brain could be a haven for SARS-CoV-2 within the body, preventing long COVID patients from fully clearing their infections and acting as a source of spike proteins.
“If you had an infection, and you cleared it, then normally, you would not see because all the antibodies you produced would clear everything that enters the bloodstream,” Swank says. Either way, these mechanisms require a reservoir of the virus somewhere in the body. These are known as “extracellular vesicles,” and they could be another way for the spike protein to get into the blood stream without breaking up. Cells can also shed small packages of proteins and other materials such as viral particles wrapped in a layer of cell membrane. If the cell dies, it bursts, potentially releasing intact spike proteins into the blood. When a cell is infected with a virus such as SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen makes copies of itself within the cell. “Our main hypothesis is that not causing the symptoms, but it’s just a marker that is released because you still have infection of some cells with SARS-CoV-2,” says study co-author Zoe Swank, a research scientist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. The intact spike protein found in patients’ blood could indicate that infected cells missed by the immune system are to blame for long COVID. The presence and intensity of the change can be used to tell both that the sought-after protein is present and how much of it there is. The beads light up when they come into contact with the specific protein that binds to the antibody in their coating. The samples were taken two or more times over the course of a year since the patients’ original COVID infection and compared with plasma from a control group of 26 people who had fully recovered from the disease.
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They added microscopic beads covered in antibodies to blood plasma from 37 people who had been diagnosed with long COVID. The researchers searched for the spike protein by using a technique designed for identifying individual proteins. The findings have not yet been peer-reviewed. During an initial COVID infection, the spike protein typically breaks off into smaller pieces when it penetrates human cells, but the spike proteins observed in this study were still in one piece. The fragment is a spike protein, one of the protrusions around the outside of SARS-CoV-2 that give this coronavirus its namesake corona, or crownlike appearance. In a preprint paper uploaded to medRxiv in June, researchers reported detecting a fragment of SARS-CoV-2 in blood samples from long COVID sufferers up to a year after their original infection. Now researchers may have found a marker for the disabling condition: a piece of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID, floating around in the blood of some long COVID sufferers well after their initial infection. Part of the difficulty is that there isn’t yet a way to measure biological signals of long COVID infections in the body to start the process of testing new treatments.
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Doctors can diagnose long COVID by speaking to their patients about their experiences before and after an initial COVID infection, but researchers still haven’t pinned down what causes the condition or how to treat it. The now infamous condition long COVID presents as a wide range of symptoms-everything from persistent chest pains to rashes, pins and needles, and brain fog.
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